1. Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes and are diploid, whereas gametes have half as many chromosomes as found in somatic cells.
2. Somatic cells have 23 chromosomes and are diploid, whereas gametes have half as many chromosomes are are present in somatic cells.
3. Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes and are haploid, whereas gametes have 23 chromosomes and are diploid.
4. Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes with one sex chromosome. In gametes, 23 chromosomes are present with two sex chromosomes.

1. The genetic material remains distributed in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast.
2. The genome is present in a looped structure, thus it fits the size of the nucleus.
3. The DNA remains coiled around proteins to form nucleosomes.
4. The genetic material remains bound to the nuclear envelope, forming invaginations.

1. ${\text{G}}_1$ - assessment for DNA damage, S - duplication of genetic material, ${\text{G}}_2$ - duplication and dismantling organelles
2. ${\text{G}}_1$ - duplication of organelles, S - duplication of DNA, ${\text{G}}_2$ - assessment of DNA damage
3. ${\text{G}}_1$ - synthesis of DNA, S - synthesis of organelle genetic material, ${\text{G}}_2$ - assessment of DNA damage
4. ${\text{G}}_1$ - preparation for DNA synthesis, S - assessment of DNA damage, M - Division of cell

Chemotherapy drugs such as vincristine and colchicines disrupt mitosis by binding to tubulin (the subunit of microtubules) and interfering with microtubule assembly and disassembly. Exactly what mitotic structure do these drugs target, and what effect would that have on cell division?

1. The drugs bind tubulin and inhibit the binding of spindle to the chromosome. This can arrest the cell cycle.
2. The drugs bind the tubulin, which leads to an error in the chromosome separation. This could lead to apoptosis.
3. The drugs bind the tubulin, thereby inhibiting their division in S phase. This inhibits cell division.
4. The drugs bind the spindle fiber and hinder the separation of chromatins. This promotes the division spontaneously.

1. Some cells are physiologically inhibited from undergoing any division and remain in the ${\text{G}}_0$ phase to provide assistance to their neighboring cells.
2. Some cells reproduce only under certain conditions and, until then, they remain in the ${\text{G}}_0$ phase.
3. Suspected DNA damage can lead the cell to undergo the ${\text{G}}_0$ phase.
4. The lack of important components of cell division makes cells stay in the ${\text{G}}_0$ phase.

Describe the general conditions that must be met at each of the three main cell cycle checkpoints.

1. G₁ checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G₂ - assessment of new DNA, M checkpoint - segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase.
2. G₁ checkpoint - Energy reserves for s phase, G₂ checkpoint - assessment of new DNA, M checkpointattachment of spindle to kinetochore.
3. G₁ checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G₂ checkpoint - energy reserves for duplication, M checkpoint - attachment of spindle to kinetochore
4. G₁ checkpoint - Energy reserves for S phase, S checkpoint - synthesis of DNA, G₂ checkpoint - assessment of new DNA

1. Positive regulators promote the cell cycle but negative regulators block the cell cycle.
2. Positive regulators block the cell division in cancerous cells but negative regulators promote in such cells.
3. Positive regulators promote the cell cycle but negative regulators arrest the cell cycle until certain events have occurred.
4. Positive regulators show positive feedback mechanisms but negative regulators show negative feedback in the cell cycle.

1. The M checkpoint checks for proper separation of sister chromatids and if it fails, then cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes.
2. The M checkpoint checks if the DNA is damaged and promotes its repair. If it fails, then the daughters end up with damaged DNA.
3. The M checkpoint ensures the proper duplication of DNA and if it fails, the cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes.
4. The M checkpoint ensures that all the components required for cell division are available and if it fails, the cell cycle will be inhibited.

1. assessment of damaged DNA, recruiting repair enzymes, and binding of spindle to kinetochore
2. quality of DNA, triggering apoptosis, and recruiting repair enzymes
3. quality of DNA, binding of spindle to kinetochore, and assessment of DNA repair
4. triggering apoptosis, recruiting repair enzymes, and proper binding of spindle to kinetochore

1. The apoptosis helps in controlling the consumption of energy by the extra cells.
2. The apoptosis inhibits the production of faulty proteins, which could be produced due to the DNA damage.
3. The process of apoptosis stops the invasion of viruses in the other cells.
4. The cells are killed due to the production of reactive oxygen species produced, which could harm the organism.

1. DNA duplication, division of cell organelles, division of the cytoplasmic contents
2. DNA duplication, segregation of duplicated chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasmic contents
3. formation of a septum, DNA duplication, division of the cytoplasmic contents
4. segregation of duplicated chromosomes, formation of a septum, division of cell organelles