PILOT TEA AP® Biology
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Test Prep for AP® Courses

Resource ID: TsBlfXOS@1.76
Grade Range: HS - 12

Test Prep for AP® Courses

48.

There are three types of hormones based on chemical structure: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones. Which structure represents a hormone that is lipid-derived?

  1. Chemical structure for estradiol. The core of this molecule is two, six-membered carbon rings that are joined at adjacent carbon residues. Both of these rings contain single bonds only. One of the core six-membered carbon rings has a five-member carbon ring attached at a carbon residue adjacent to the attachment point of the other six-membered ring. A methyl group, a carbon with three hydrogens attached, is bonded to a carbon residue adjoining the six-member ring to the five-member ring. A hydroxyl group,


  2. Chemical structure for epinephrine. The core of this molecule is a six-membered carbon ring with alternating double bonds. Two hydroxyl groups, oxygen with hydrogen attached, are bonded to adjacent carbons. Across from one hydroxyl group, a two-carbon chain is attached. This carbon chain has a hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon, and a nitrogen atom attached to the second carbon. Bonded to the nitrogen atom are a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, a carbon with three hydrogens attached.


  3. Chemical structure for melatonin. The core of this molecule is a six-membered ring joined to a five-member ring by adjacent carbon residues. The six-membered ring consists of carbon only and has three alternating double bonds. The five-membered ring has four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, located one residue away from the six-membered ring. A hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen residue. This ring has two double bonds. Two residues away from the nitrogen atom, a two- carbon chain is attached. A


  4. Chemical structure for Tryptophan. The core of this molecule is a six-membered ring joined to a five-member ring by adjacent carbon residues. The six-membered ring consists of carbon only and has three alternating double bonds. The five-membered ring has four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, located one residue away from the six-membered ring. A hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen residue. This ring has two double bonds. Two residues away from the nitrogen atom, a three-carbon chain is attached.

49.
Hormones are essential for facilitating communication between cells, which can help maintain homeostasis within the body. Explain how hormones facilitate communication on a molecular level.
  1. A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to receptors of the target cell to elicit a response.
  2. A hormone is released from the pituitary gland in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to a receptor of a target cell to illicit response.
  3. A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to receptors to stimulate the signaling pathway.
  4. A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body and then binds to the intracellular receptors of target cells to illicit a response.
50.
Steroid hormones are known to circulate in the blood longer than peptide hormones. Describe why this occurs.
  1. Peptide hormones cannot pass through cell membranes.
  2. Steroid hormones are water insoluble.
  3. Peptide hormones are water insoluble.
  4. Steroid hormones cannot pass through cell membranes.
51.
Lipid-derived hormones, such as steroid hormones, utilize intracellular receptors, whereas peptide and amino acid-derived hormones utilize cell surface receptors. Discuss why these hormones utilize different types of receptors.
  1. Lipid-derived hormones have receptors located in the nucleus, and thus utilize intracellular receptors, whereas peptide and amino acid-derived hormones have receptors only on the surface of the cell.
  2. Lipid-derived hormones can permeate the plasma membrane and thus utilize intracellular receptors. Peptide and amino acid- derived hormones are lipid insoluble and thus require cell surface receptors.
  3. Lipid-derived hormones can permeate plasma membranes as they need to remain in circulation for a longer duration. Peptide and amino acid-derived hormones are lipid insoluble and need surface receptors.
  4. Lipid-derived hormones can permeate plasma membranes and thus utilize intracellular receptors. Some peptide and amino acid-derived hormones can cross the membrane but most are lipid insoluble and thus require cell surface receptors.

52.

There are three types of hormones based on chemical structure: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones. Which structure represents the peptide hormone?

 

Simple-line chemical structure for estradiol. The core of this molecule is two, six-membered carbon rings that are joined at adjacent carbon residues. Both of these rings contain single bonds only. One of the core six-membered carbon rings has a five-member carbon ring attached at a carbon residue adjacent to the attachment point of the other six-membered ring. A methyl group, a carbon with three hydrogens attached, is bonded to a carbon residue adjoining the six-member ring to the five-member ring. A hyd
Simple-line chemical structure for tryptophan. The core of this molecule is a six-membered ring joined to a five-member ring by adjacent carbon residues. The six-membered ring consists of carbon only and has three alternating double bonds. The five-membered ring has four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, located one residue away from the six-membered ring. A hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen residue. This ring has two double bonds. Two residues away from the nitrogen atom, a three-carbon chain i
Simple-line chemical structure for melatonin. The core of this molecule is a six-membered ring joined to a five-member ring by adjacent carbon residues. The six-membered ring consists of carbon only and has three alternating double bonds. The five-membered ring has four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, located one residue away from the six-membered ring. A hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen residue. This ring has two double bonds. Two residues away from the nitrogen atom, a two- carbon chain is
Three-dimensional chemical structure for oxytocin. Balls that differ in size and color represent each atom. Intermediate-sized gray balls represent carbon atoms. The carbon atoms form rings and chains at the core of the molecule. Attached to the carbon atoms are many nitrogen and sulfur atoms, also intermediate in size, and many small hydrogen atoms. A few large oxygen atoms are also attached.
53.
Cellular activity can vary based on sensitivity to hormones, and cellular activity can therefore either be up-regulated or down-regulated by those hormones. What would likely cause a greater response from cells that are controlled by a hormone?
  1. hormone levels increase and the number of target cell receptors increase
  2. hormone levels decrease and the number of target cell receptors increase
  3. hormone levels increase and the number of target cell receptors decrease
  4. hormone levels decrease and the number of target cell receptors decrease
54.

What kind of hormone is undergoing binding in this figure? Explain how you know.

A hormone is able to pass through the cell membrane of its target cell and interact with intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Hormone binding leads to a cascade of events, resulting in mRNA synthesis and protein production that changes cell function.
  1. a lipid-derived hormone because it is fat insoluble and therefore able to bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
  2. a lipid-derived hormone because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors
  3. a polypeptide-derived hormone because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors
  4. a polypeptide-derived hormone because it is fat insoluble and therefore binds to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
55.
In this figure, what kind of hormone is bound to the target cell receptor?
Diagram of a hormone binding to a receptor embedded in the cell membrane. The receptor does not enter the cell, but communicates with other messengers associated with the receptor on the inside of the cell.
  1. steroid
  2. lipid-derived
  3. estradiol
  4. amino acid-derived
56.

Blood pressure and blood volume are increased by the production of the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. Describe how renin promotes release of ADH and aldosterone.

  1. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen.
  2. Renin directly simulates ADH and aldosterone production.
  3. Renin produces angiotensin II.
  4. Angiotensin I is converted in to angiotensin II.
57.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is essential for water regulation in the kidneys. Once released from the pituitary, ADH travels through to the kidneys. Explain how ADH promotes water reabsorption.
  1. ADH initiates a series of events that lead to release of more vasopressin hormone in the kidney, leading to the movement of water out of kidneys
  2. ADH initiates a series of events that lead to temporary insertion of aquaporins in the kidney, through which water moves in the kidney.
  3. ADH initiates a series of events leading to temporary insertion of aquaporins in the kidney, through which water moves out of the kidneys.
  4. ADH initiates a series of events that leads to the movement of water out of the kidneys through simple diffusion.
58.
David, an athlete, wants to enhance his baseball performance by taking erythropoietin. Identify what David is trying to change.
  1. build more muscle
  2. improve endurance
  3. reduce fertility
  4. decrease need to urinate
59.

Some athletes may want to take synthetic hormones to improve their performance in their given sport. However, the use of certain synthetic hormones is banned in many professional sports. Explain why synthetic hormones are often banned.

  1. There can be severe side effects such as insomnia, depression, and prostate enlargement. These side effects are often severe and irreversible.
  2. There can be severe side effects such as impaired heart function, testicular atrophy, and prostate enlargement. These side effects can be cured through surgeries.
  3. There can be severe side effects such as impaired heart function, testicular atrophy, and prostate enlargement. These are often severe and irreversible.
  4. There can be severe side effects such as insomnia, depression, and prostate enlargement. These side effects can be cured through surgeries.
60.

This figure shows how growth hormone communicates with cells to promote muscle and bone growth.

Choice A represents the hormone released from the pituitary gland that stimulates bone and muscle growth. Choice B represents the hormone that inhibits these actions. Choice C represents the liver and the breakdown of glycogen. Choice D represents the release of insulin-like growth factors that cause target cells to take up amino acids.

Identify growth hormone’s exact role.

  1. inhibits growth hormone-inhibiting hormone release
  2. stimulates growth hormone-releasing hormone release
  3. breaks down glycogen
  4. activates insulin-like growth factors
61.
Growth hormone helps promote growth by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis. Describe how growth hormone switches the energy source of most cells.
  1. Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipogenesis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to fatty acids as energy sources.
  2. Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipolysis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to fatty acids as an energy source.
  3. Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipolysis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to glucose as an energy source.
  4. Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipogenesis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to glucose as an energy source.
62.

Positive-feedback loops are rare in the endocrine system but some do exist. Identify an example of a positive-feedback loop.

  1. Insulin facilitates decrease of blood sugar levels.
  2. Oxytocin release stimulates milk release.
  3. Increased blood calcium levels halt PTH production.
  4. Increased amounts of T3 and T4 inhibit further production.
63.

Although positive-feedback loops are rare in the endocrine system, they are present in childbirth. Explain how childbirth is controlled by a positive-feedback loop.

  1. When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate oxytocin release, which stimulates more contractions. This promotes more oxytocin release that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
  2. When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate oxytocin release, which stimulates contractions. This promotes the release of progesterone that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
  3. When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate prolactin release, which stimulates more contractions. This promotes the release of more prolactin that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
  4. When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate progesterone release, which stimulates contractions. This promotes the release of oxytocin that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
64.
Osmoreceptors are essential for monitoring water concentrations within the body. Describe how osmoreceptors complete this task.
  1. Osmoreceptors insert aquaporins in the kidneys.
  2. Osmoreceptors signal increase sodium reabsorption.
  3. Osmoreceptors detect when blood electrolyte levels change.
  4. Osmoreceptors signal increased sodium reabsorption.
65.
Laura has Type 1 diabetes and her body cannot properly produce insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Identify which type of stimulus Laura is unable to respond to.
  1. humoral
  2. hormonal
  3. neural
  4. negative
66.

Terry recently gained weight and has been more tired than usual. Terry’s doctor suggested that he might not produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Explain why a TSH deficiency could cause Terry’s weight gain and fatigue.

  1. Without TSH, there would be excessive production of T3 and T4 leading to a high metabolic rate, causing weight gain and fatigue.
  2. Without TSH, there would be excessive production of T3 and T4 leading to a low metabolic rate, causing weight gain and fatigue.
  3. Without TSH, T3 and T4 cannot be properly produced, leading to a high metabolic rate, causing weight gain and fatigue.
  4. Without TSH, T3 and T4 cannot be properly produced, leading to a low metabolic rate, causing weight gain and fatigue.
67.
Marcus experienced nervous system damage in a car accident. Identify which of the following endocrine-related body functions will be most likely impaired as a result.
  1. ability to lower blood glucose levels
  2. fight-or-flight response
  3. urine production
  4. body heat regulation

 

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