________ is a type of general sense in humans.

1. Gustation
2. Olfaction
3. Proprioception
4. Equilibrium

1. olfaction
2. gustation
3. proprioception
4. kinesthesia

1. spinal cord
2. cerebral cortex
3. receptors
4. thalamus

If a person’s cold receptors no longer convert cold sensory signals into electrical signals, that person has a problem with ________.

1. reception
2. the receptive field
3. perception
4. transduction

1. receptor potential
2. sensory transduction
3. just-noticeable difference
4. perception

In peppers, spicy heat is rated in SHUs, where zero is the least amount of spicy heat. If the just-noticeable difference (JND) of the ability to perceive difference in heat detection for an individual is 30 percent, which of the following represents the JND of two different peppers?

1. 8,500 vs. 11,000 SHU
2. 4,050 vs. 15,000 SHU
3. 15,000 vs. 18,000 SHU
4. 10,500 vs. 15,000 SHU

1. detection of specific stimuli
2. sensation interpretation
3. sending electrical signals to the cortex
4. transmitting signals from the brain to the rest of the body

1. Merkel’s disks
2. Meissner’s corpuscles
3. Ruffini endings
4. Pacinian corpuscles

If an individual is born without the ability to sense high-frequency vibrations, he may have been born with a mutation in a gene that codes for ________.

1. Merkel’s disks
2. Meissner’s corpuscles
3. Ruffini endings
4. Pacinian corpuscles

1. free nerve endings
2. Ruffini endings
3. Pacinian corpuscles
4. Krause end bulbs

________ are found only in ________ skin, and detect skin deflection.

1. Meissner’s corpuscles, hairy
2. Ruffini endings, glabrous
3. Pacinian corpuscles, glabrous
4. hair receptors, hairy

1. injured stimuli
2. deep, fleeting pressure
3. fine touch
4. cold

Why do peppers, which contain capsaicin, taste hot?

1. Capsaicin is corrosive and damages tissue.
2. Capsaicin contains large quantities of heat that are released upon ingestion.
3. Capsaicin and warm receptors open the same calcium channels.
4. Capsaicin stimulates Krause end bulbs.

_____are mechanoreceptors that facilitate proper gripping of objects.

1. Merkel’s disks
2. Meissner’s corpuscles
3. Ruffini endings
4. Pacinian corpuscles

1. one
2. five
3. depends on the type of taste receptor
4. depends on the part of the tongue

1. Both sense different stimuli in the environment.
2. Both can have hundreds of millions of types of receptors.
3. Both obtain stimuli from within the body.
4. Signals from both are transmitted through the medulla.

________ is the term for savoriness in food.

1. gustation
2. tastants
3. umami
4. pheromone

1. salty
2. sweet
3. umami
4. sour

1. 2
2. 8
3. 83
4. 333

1. Most dogs have 4 billion olfactory receptors.
2. Bloodhounds have more receptors than humans, but humans have more receptors than most dogs.
3. Rabbits and most dogs have the same number of olfactory receptors.
4. Dogs bred for sense of smell can have four times more olfactory cells than most other dogs.

1. fungiform papillae
2. circumvallate papillae
3. foliate papillae
4. filiform papillae

In sound, pitch is measured in ________, and volume is measured in ________.

1. decibels (dB), hertz (Hz)
2. decibels (dB), nanometers (nm)
3. nanometers (nm), decibels (dB)
4. hertz (Hz), decibels (dB)

1. cat
2. bat
3. dolphin
4. dog

Louder sounds have a ________ compared with softer sounds.

1. greater amplitude
2. lower amplitude
3. greater frequency
4. lower frequency

1. Frequency is heard as volume.
2. Louder sounds have a higher frequency.
3. Men hear higher frequencies than women.
4. Frequency is measured in number of sound waves per unit time.

The ________ contains receptors for transduction of mechanical waves to produce electrical signals.

1. tympanum
2. cochlea
3. pinna
4. stapes

The ________ contains ________, which produces action potentials along the auditory nerve.

1. incus, stapes
2. ear canal, tympanum
3. tympanum, oval window
4. organ of Corti, stereocilia

1. basilar membrane
2. hair cells
3. semicircular canals
4. ossicles

1. Fluid in the semicircular canals moves.
2. Stereocilia are bent.
3. Deceleration signals are sent to the brain.
4. Fluid in the semicircular canals stops moving.

Of the following, identify the waves with the highest frequency.

1. microwaves
2. ultraviolet rays
3. X-rays
4. gamma rays

1. red
2. yellow
3. green
4. blue

1. Humans see most of the light spectrum.
2. Light signals can pass through a vacuum into the eye.
3. Decibels are used as the unit of wavelength.
4. Violet light has a longer wavelength than red light.

The fovea is responsible for ________, because it has a high density of cones.

1. night vision
2. nearsightedness
3. farsightedness
4. acute vision

Explain why people over 55 years old often need reading glasses.

1. Their cornea no longer focuses correctly.
2. Their lens no longer focuses correctly.
3. Their eyeball has elongated with age, causing images to focus in front of their retina.
4. Their retina has thinned with age, making vision more difficult.

1. cornea
2. lens
3. iris
4. retina

1. hypothalamus
2. superior colliculus
3. thalamus
4. pineal gland