1. leaves, stem, fruit, flowers
2. stem, fruit, leaves, branches
3. flowers, leaves, branches, stem
4. stem, hair roots, leaves, flowers, branches

1. The plant will grow normally but will not bloom.
2. The plant will dry out because water is not reaching all its organs.
3. New leaves will form to compensate for the dying of roots
4. The plant will grow normally but will not produce fruit

1. Vascular tissue to transport nutrients and water
2. The tip of plant to promote growth of plant
3. Secondary xylem to increase girth of stem
4. Epidermis to cover the plant

1. a slide of the apical bud of a stem
2. a slide obtained from the intercalary meristems
3. lateral meristem in the vascular cambium
4. secondary xylem

1. tip of leaves
2. dermal layer
3. vascular bundles
4. tip of the root

1. apical meristem
2. lateral meristem
3. intercalary meristem
4. vascular bundle

The dermal tissue of a plant provides ________ for the plant.

1. transport of water
2. transport of minerals
3. support
4. protection

1. dermal tissue
2. xylem
3. phloem
4. ground tissue

1. cells dividing rapidly in a stem
2. root cambium showing different types of cells
3. parenchyma showing only one type of cell
4. leaf displaying the vascular bundle where diverse types of cells are involved in transport

1. Complex tissue has a variety of cell types that fulfill different functions.
2. Only complex tissue is observed in adult plants.
3. Complex tissue appears only in lateral roots and branches.
4. Complex tissues contain cells that are strikingly different in appearance but perform the same function.

1. hair roots, lateral roots, and taproot
2. stem, branches, and leaves
3. flowers and fruit
4. leaves, petioles, and branches

1. the thin epidermis that covers an onion bulb
2. a sample of fruit tissue
3. a sample of actively dividing cells located at the tip of an onion root
4. a region of the mesenchyme

A student examines a plant part and concludes that it is part of a stem. The presence of ________ fully justifies the student’s conclusion.

1. vascular tissue
2. nodes and internodes
3. epidermal layer
4. stored carbohydrates

1. tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells
2. cells actively dividing at the apex of the stem
3. parenchyma cells at the center of the section
4. cells covered by a cuticle at the outside edge of the section

While using a microscope to observe a stem section stained with a dye that binds lignin, a student notices that some cells with thick cell walls and large hollow centers are preferentially stained. He concludes that those cells belong to the ________.

1. meristematic tissue
2. vascular tissue
3. ground tissue
4. dermal tissue

1. apical meristem, which contributes to increase in length
2. vascular cambium, which contributes to increase in thickness or girth
3. root region, which shows an increase in root hairs
4. stems, which show an increase in number of leaves

1. between the primary xylem and the primary phloem
2. between the secondary xylem and the primary phloem
3. between the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem
4. between the primary xylem and the secondary phloem

1. primary xylem
2. secondary xylem
3. primary phloem
4. vascular cambium

While examining the stump of a recently cut tree, you count four thick rings alternating with four rings that are much narrower and appear denser. From this observation, you should conclude that the tree is ________.

1. two years old, because each ring corresponds to a season
2. three years old, because the first ring you observe is the primary xylem
3. four years old, because secondary xylem grows only in the spring and fall of each year
4. eight years old, because there are eight rings in all

1. an underground stem with fleshy leaves modified for food storage as in onions
2. a solid, underground stem covered with scales formed by some plants such as crocuses
3. an aboveground stem with buds as seen in strawberry plants
4. a modified horizontal stem that grows underground as seen in irises

1. fern
2. cactus
3. potato
4. iris

1. Student A reported that meristematic cells were the most abundant.
2. Student B tallied mostly collenchyma cells.
3. Student C noticed mostly sclerenchyma cells.
4. Student D observed that parenchyma cells were the most abundant.

1. the large network of superficial roots of a cactus
2. a dandelion anchored by a long main root that penetrates deep into the soil
3. a banyan tree’s system of roots that dangle from the branches
4. a round organ that stores carbohydrates

Some weeds are anchored by taproots. They cause problems to gardeners because they are ________.

1. easy to pull up because the root system is shallow
2. difficult to pull up because their taproots penetrate deep into the soil
3. difficult to pull up because they are anchored by an extensive network of roots
4. easy to pull up because there is not a large network to anchor the plant

1. It provides protection to the root tip.
2. It absorbs water and minerals.
3. It acts as a storage tissue.
4. It replicates actively to elongate the root.

1. The technician will see mostly mitotic cells in the root cap.
2. The technician will observe mitotic figures in the meristematic tissue below the cap.
3. The technician will observe cell division in the elongation zone.
4. The technician will see that most mitotic cells are in the maturation zone.

1. Pericycle is the tissue where selectivity takes place.
2. The endodermis acts as a selective barrier for minerals taken up by the root.
3. The epidermis acts as a selective barrier for minerals.
4. The root cap functions as a selective barrier for minerals taken up by the root.

1. The cells in the cortex show the deepest stain.
2. The tracheids in the xylem contain mostly lipid droplets stained with Sudan Red.
3. The Casparian strip will show the deepest coloring.
4. The sieve elements in the phloem show staining with Sudan Red because of transported oil droplets.

In environments where light is scarce, some plants grow on other plants to reach light. Which root system would best support this mode of life?

1. epiphytic root system in the air
2. prop roots that support the trees to stand in muddy soil
3. adventitious roots that grow above ground
4. taproots that penetrate the soil

1. parenchymal cells of the cortex
2. cells of phloem
3. cells of the epidermis
4. cells of the endodermis and pericycle

1. covers a limited surface and contains few roots
2. consists of a single main root with adjacent smaller roots
3. covers a large area and contains an extensive network of roots
4. contains several major, interconnected roots

1. the lamina, where photosynthesis takes place
2. the vein, which carries nutrients and water in and out of the leaf
3. the petiole, which attaches the leaf to the stem
4. the margin, which is serrated and may be sharp

1. It does not have stipules
2. The veins form a network pattern.
3. The veins are parallel.
4. The veins form forks and fan out.

Multiple leaves attached to the same node are fairly unusual. One example is found on the macadamia nut tree. The leaf arrangement in the macadamia tree is best characterized as ________.

1. whorled
2. opposite
3. tripled
4. alternate

1. palmately compound
2. pinnately compound
3. simple whorled
4. simple spiral

1. vascular bundle
2. epidermis
3. mesophyll
4. cuticle

A pulse of radioactive carbon dioxide (CO₂) is provided to isolated leaves. In which tissue would you expect to see radioactive glucose appear first?

1. in the cells of the mesophyll
2. in the sieve elements of the phloem
3. epidermis
4. vessels of the xylem

1. broad leaves to capture sunlight
2. spines instead of leaves
3. needle-like leaves
4. wide, flat leaves that can float

In the collection of a botanical garden, plants are classified according to the environments in which they thrive. What plant would have large leaves covered with a thick upper cuticle and wide flat blades and possess large air spaces—chambers—within its mesophyll tissue?

1. a water lily floating on water
2. a pine tree growing in the cold and dry taiga
3. a cactus growing in a hot, sunny, and dry environment
4. an orchid hanging from a tree in a tropical forest

1. petiole
2. lamina
3. stipule
4. midrib

1. The leaf displays a thin lamina.
2. There is no petiole.
3. The margins are serrated.
4. The venation is parallel.

1. pressure
2. solute concentration
3. gravity
4. matric potential

If the concentration of solute increases in a cell, the water potential will _______ inside the cell and water will move ________ the cell.

1. increase; out of
2. increase; into
3. decrease; into
4. decrease; out of

1. increased temperature
2. high oxygen concentration
3. high relative humidity
4. high light levels

1. Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing the rate of transpiration.
2. Water vapor is lost to the external environment, decreasing the rate of transpiration.
3. Water vapor enters the spaces in the mesophyll, increasing the rate of transpiration.
4. The rate of photosynthesis drops when stomata open.

1. xylem
2. companion cells
3. sieve elements
4. epidermis

Sugars produced in the leaf are distributed throughout the plant body. An experimenter supplies plants with a pulse of radiolabeled CO₂ in a control chamber. The movement of radioactively labeled sugar is monitored in the plant by analyzing different cells content over time. Where will the radiolabeled sugar appear immediately after detection in the leaf cells?

1. tracheids and vessel elements
2. tracheids and companion cells
3. vessel elements and companion cells
4. sieve-tube elements and companion cells

1. water potential
2. pressure potential
3. osmotic potential
4. negative potential

Plants have many light responses, including photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and phototropism (growing toward a light source). Specific wavelengths of light absorbed by different photoreceptors trigger responses. This table shows some of the most common photoreceptors and pigments and the major regions of the spectrum in which they are active.

Figure 23.42

Research shows that plants bend toward blue light. Even mutant plants that lack carotenoids will bend toward blue light. The photoreceptor is likely ________.

1. phytochrome
2. chlorophyll
3. phototropin
4. carotenoids

Plant flowering is an example of photoperiodism, the response to the length of nights or periods of darkness. A plant that responds to short nights followed by increasingly longer nights will most likely flower in ________.

1. spring
2. summer
3. autumn
4. winter

Gravitropism is plant growth in response to gravity. A dahlia stem was toppled by the wind and is lying lies on the ground. After a few days, you would likely notice that ________.

1. the stem is growing by curving toward the roots
2. the stem is growing by trailing on the ground
3. the stem is growing by curving upward
4. the plant is wilting

1. mitochondria
2. amyloplast
3. chloroplast
4. nucleus

1. abscisic acid
2. cytokinin
3. ethylene
4. gibberellic acid

1. cytokinin
2. abscisic acid
3. ethylene
4. gibberellic acid

A lab teacher wants to demonstrate thigmonastic behavior of a plant. Which of these experiments is the best choice?

1. Observe flowering of a plant after a brief red light irradiation in the middle of a dark period.
2. Observe whether seedlings bend towards blue light.
3. Observe whether a tree grows bent in the direction of the prevailing wind.
4. Touch the plant Mimosa pudica and observe the closing of the leaflets.

1. roots growing downwards
2. venus fly trap snapping on an insect
3. seedling germinating under a stone and growing upward and away from the stone
4. plant growing towards a shaded area

1. thorns and spines
2. cutin and suberin
3. neurotoxic compounds
4. bitter-tasting alkaloids

1. bacteria
2. herbivores
3. fungi
4. viruses

Red light converts phytochrome red (Pr) to __________.

1. an inactive form of Pr
2. a breakdown product
3. the far red light absorbing form called Pfr
4. cryptochrome

1. Flowers will stay closed.
2. Flowers will stay open.
3. Flowers will open and close every day at the same time.
4. Flowers will open and close at random times.