1. anabolic molecules
2. cholesterol
3. electrolytes
4. adenosine triphosphate

1. AMP
2. ATP
3. mRNA
4. phosphate

DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the resulting two semiconserved strands of DNA. Which description is accurate for this process?

1. This process is anabolic.
2. This process is catabolic.
3. This process is both anabolic and catabolic.
4. This process is metabolic, but it is neither anabolic nor catabolic.

1. digestion of sucrose
2. dissolving sugar in water
3. DNA replication
4. RNA translation

1. glucose
2. protein
3. triglycerides
4. tRNA

1. AMP to ATP
2. ATP to ADP
3. DNA to proteins
4. glucose to starch

Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances—

1. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end
2. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends
3. just before it reaches the end of one cycle, before step 1
   1. 1. potential and kinetic
      2. potential and kinetic
      3. kinetic
   2. 1. potential
      2. potential and kinetic
      3. potential and kinetic
   3. 1. potential
      2. kinetic
      3. potential and kinetic
   4. 1. potential and kinetic
      2. kinetic
      3. kinetic

Which of the following best describes energy?

1. the transfer of genetic information
2. the ability to assemble a large number of functional catalysts
3. the ability to store solar output
4. the ability to do work

What is the ultimate source of energy on this planet?

1. glucose
2. plants
3. metabolic pathways
4. the Sun

1. ATP
2. ADP
3. glucose
4. sucrose

1. Compare the $\mathrm{\Delta }G$ values between the two reactions.
2. Compare their reaction rates.
3. Compare their ideal environmental conditions.
4. Compare the spontaneity between the two reactions.

1. $\mathrm{\Delta }G$
2. $\mathrm{\Delta }H$
3. $\mathrm{\Delta }S$
4. $\mathrm{\Delta }T$

1. dehydration synthesis
2. endergonic
3. endothermic
4. exergonic

1. Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier.
2. Endergonic reactions have a positive $\mathrm{\Delta }G$ and exergonic reactions have a negative $\mathrm{\Delta }G$.
3. Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy.
4. Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly.

1. 1. low
   2. high
   3. low
2. 1. low
   2. high
   3. high
3. 1. high
   2. low
   3. high
4. 1. high
   2. low
   3. low

1. energy release
2. endergonic reactions
3. input of energy
4. time

1. a body getting warmer after exercise
2. a piece of fruit spoiling in the fridge
3. a power plant burning coal and producing electricity
4. an exothermic chemical reaction

1. The first law involves creating energy while the second law involves expending it.
2. The first law involves expending energy while the second involves creating it.
3. The first law involves conserving energy while the second law involves the inability to recapture energy.
4. The first law discusses creating energy while the second law discusses the energy requirement for reactions.

1. It decreases entropy within the system.
2. It fuels catabolic reactions.
3. It causes enthalpy.
4. The energy is used to produce carbohydrates.

1. adenosine + high energy electrons
2. ADP + pyrophosphate
3. AMP + ADP
4. the conversion of guanine to adenosine

1. It is equal to $-57\text{kJ/mol}$.
2. The cell harnesses it as heat energy in order to perform work.
3. It is primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates.
4. It provides energy to coupled reactions.

1. the adenosine molecule
2. the bond between the first and second phosphates
3. the bond between the first phosphate and the adenosine molecule
4. the bond between the second and third phosphates

1. binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding
2. binds to an active site and blocks it from binding substrate
3. binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
4. binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate

1. The reaction stops.
2. The reaction proceeds, but much more slowly.
3. The reaction proceeds faster without the interference.
4. There is no change in the reaction rate.

1. They increase the $\mathrm{\Delta }G$ of reactions.
2. They are usually made of amino acids.
3. They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.
4. Each one is specific to the particular substrate, or substrates, to which it binds.

1. a hug between two people
2. a key fitting into a lock
3. A square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children’s toy
4. the fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces

1. to increase the $\mathrm{\Delta }G$ of reactions
2. to increase the $\mathrm{\Delta }H$ of reactions
3. to lower the entropy of the chemicals in the reaction
4. to lower the activation energy of a reaction