Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain how GDP can be used to compare the economic welfare of different nations
Calculate the conversion of GDP to a common currency by using exchange rates
Calculate GDP per capita using population data

It is common to use GDP as a measure of economic welfare or standard of living in a nation. When comparing the GDP of different nations for this purpose, three issues immediately arise. First, the GDP of a country is measured in its own currency: the United States uses the U.S. dollar; Canada, the Canadian dollar; most countries of Western Europe, the euro; Japan, the yen; Mexico, the peso; and so on. Thus, comparing GDP between two countries requires converting to a common currency. A second issue is that the number of people living in different countries varies greatly. For instance, the United States has a much larger economy than Mexico or Canada, but it also has roughly three times as many people as Mexico and nine times as many people as Canada. So, if we are trying to compare standards of living across countries, we need to divide GDP by population. A third problem involves the differences in inflation across countries. Real GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) values is probably the most accurate measure for determining economic welfare.

Converting Currencies With Exchange Rates

To compare the GDP of countries with different currencies, it is necessary to convert to a common denominator using an exchange rate, which is the value of one currency in terms of another currency. Exchange rates are expressed either as the units of country A’s currency that need to be traded for a single unit of country B’s currency (for example, Japanese yen per British pound), or as the inverse (for example, British pounds per Japanese yen). Two types of exchange rates can be used for this purpose: market exchange rates and purchasing power parity (PPP) equivalent exchange rates. Market exchange rates vary on a day-to-day basis depending on supply and demand in foreign exchange markets. PPP-equivalent exchange rates provide a longer run measure of the exchange rate. For this reason, PPP-equivalent exchange rates are typically used for cross-country comparisons of GDP. Exchange rates will be discussed in more detail in Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows. The following Work It Out feature explains how to convert GDP to a common currency.

Work It Out

Converting GDP to a Common Currency

Using the exchange rate to convert GDP from one currency to another is straightforward. Say that the task is to compare Brazil’s GDP of 4.8 trillion reals in 2013 with the U.S. GDP of $16.6 trillion for the same year.

Step 1. Determine the exchange rate for the specified year. In 2013, the exchange rate was 2.230 reals = $1. (These numbers are realistic, but rounded off to simplify the calculations.)

Step 2. Convert Brazil’s GDP into U.S. dollars.

\begin{array}{rcl} Brazil's GDP in $ U.S. & = & \frac{Brazil's GDP in reals}{Exchange rate (reals/$ U.S.)} \\ = & \frac{4.8 trillion reals}{2.230 reals per $ U.S.} \\ = & $2.2 trillion \end{array}

Step 3. Compare this value with the GDP in the United States in the same year. The U.S. GDP was $16.6 trillion in 2013, which is nearly eight times the GDP in Brazil in 2013.

Step 4. View Table 5.8, which shows the size and variety of GDPs of different countries in 2013, all expressed in U.S. dollars. Each is calculated using the process explained above.

Country	GDP in Billions of Domestic Currency		Domestic Currency/U.S Dollars (PPP Equivalent)	GDP in Billions of Dollars
Brazil	4,844.80	reals	2.157	2,246
Canada	1,881.20	dollars	1.030	1,826.80
China	58,667.30	yuan	6.196	9,469.10
Egypt	1,753.30	pounds	6.460	271.40
Germany	2,737.60	euros	0.753	3,636
India	113,550.70	rupees	60.502	1,876.80
Japan	478,075.30	yen	97.596	4,898.50
Mexico	16,104.40	pesos	12.772	1,260.90
South Korea	1,428,294.70	won	1,094.925	1,304.467
United Kingdom	1,612.80	pounds	0.639	2,523.20
United States	16,768.10	dollars	1.000	16,768.10

Table 5.8 Comparing GDPs Across Countries, 2013 (International Monetary Fund, 2013)

GDP per Capita

The U.S. economy has the largest GDP in the world, by a considerable amount. The United States is also a populous country; in fact, it is the third largest country by population in the world, although well behind China and India. So, is the U.S. economy larger than other countries' just because the United States has more people than most other countries, or because the U.S. economy is actually larger on a per-person basis? This question can be answered by calculating a country’s GDP per capita; that is, the GDP divided by the population.

\begin{array}{rcl} GDP per capita & = & GDP / population \end{array}

The second column of Table 5.9 lists the GDP of the same selection of countries that appeared in the previous Tracking Real GDP Over Time and Table 5.8, showing their GDP as converted into U.S. dollars, which is the same as the last column of the previous table. The third column gives the population for each country. The fourth column lists the GDP per capita. GDP per capita is obtained in two steps: First, by dividing column two (GDP, in billions of dollars) by 1,000 so that it has the same units as column three (Population, in millions). Then dividing the result (GDP in millions of dollars) by column three (Population, in millions).

Country	GDP (in billions of U.S. dollars)	Population (in millions)	Per Capita GDP (in U.S. dollars)
Brazil	2,246	199.20	11,172.50
Canada	1,826.80	35.10	52,037.10
China	9,469.10	1,360.80	6,958.70
Egypt	271.40	83.70	3,242.90
Germany	3,636	80.80	44,999.50
India	1,876.80	1,243.30	1,509.50
Japan	4,898.50	127.3	38,467.80
Mexico	1,260.90	118.40	10,649.90
South Korea	1,304.47	50.20	25,975.10
United Kingdom	2,523.20	64.10	39,371.70
United States	16,768.10	316.30	53,001

Table 5.9 GDP per Capita, 2013 (International Monetary Fund, 2013)

Notice that the ranking by GDP is different from the ranking by GDP per capita. India has a somewhat larger GDP than Germany, but, on a per capita basis, Germany has more than 10 times India’s standard of living. Will China soon have a better standard of living than the United States? Read the following Clear It Up feature to find out.

Clear It Up

Is China going to surpass the United States in terms of standard of living?

As shown in Table 5.9, China has the second largest GDP of the countries: $9.5 trillion compared with the United States’ $16.8 trillion. Perhaps it will surpass the United States, but probably not any time soon. China has a much larger population so that, in per capita terms, its GDP is less than one fifth that of the United States ($6,958.70 compared with $53,001). The Chinese people are still quite poor relative to the United States and other developed countries. One caveat: For reasons to be discussed shortly, GDP per capita can give us only a rough idea of the differences in living standards across countries.

The high-income nations of the world, including the United States, Canada, the Western European countries, and Japan, typically have GDP per capita in the range of $20,000 to $50,000. Middle-income countries, which include much of Latin America, Eastern Europe, and some countries in East Asia, have GDP per capita in the range of $6,000 to $12,000. The low-income countries in the world, many of them located in Africa and Asia, often have GDP per capita of less than $2,000 per year.

5.4 Comparing GDP Among Countries

Learning Objectives